However, Tritium as a volatile substance could diffuse through the underside of the watch casing, which was made from plastic in these watches, and could be incorporated through the skin by the person wearing the watch. The radiation is nearly entirely absorbed in the luminous paint itself and in the watchcase or the watch glass. The paint was stimulated to glow by the Tritium beta radiation. Tritium is a beta-emitter with low energy of up to 19 keV and a half-life of 12.3 years. Until the middle of the 90ties, paints that were enriched with Tritium ( H-3), a radioactive isotope of Hydrogen, were used for marking luminous dials. Until the middle of the 90ties, Tritium was used instead of Radium This is not due to the radiation exposure to the persons wearing the watches but because of the radiological risk for the persons manufacturing them. These kind of watches are no longer manufactured today. Until well in the 60ties, the luminous dials of wrist watches and alarm clocks were marked with luminous paints containing Radium ( Ra-226) or Promethium (Pm-147). The luminous paints are stimulated to glow by a radioactive substance. For normal use of such a watch the annual effective dose is far below 0.1 µSv.Īmong others, luminous paints are used in watch dials to ensure that they can also be recognised in the dark. In watches manufactured today, tiny, narrow glass tubes filled with tritium gas (GTLS = gaseous tritium light sources) are used.Until well in the 60ties, luminous paints containing Radium ( Ra-226) or Promethium (Pm-147), until the middle of the 90ties, paints that were enriched with Tritium were used for this purpose.Luminous paints are used in watch dials to ensure that they can also be recognised in the dark.Biological dosimetry following radiation exposure.Comparative tests for passive radon measuring devices.Accredited calibration laboratory.Measurement exercises on the ground.Helicopter-borne Measurement Exercises. Exercises for emergency situations.Response to Nuclear Security Events.Federal Radiological Situation Centre.What are the consequences of an emergency?.Occupational radiation protection.Atomic bombings: radiation protection.Principles of radiation protection.Ionising radiation: positive effects?.Epidemiology of radiation-induced diseases.Consequences of a radiation accident.Effects of selected radioactive materials. Items claiming to provide beneficial effects of radiation.pursuant to Radiation Protection Ordinance Register high-level radioactive radiation sources.Radioactive radiation sources in Germany.Applications in daily life and in technology.Radiation protection in medicine: international activities.Radiation protection in radiotherapy.Radiation applications and pregnancy.Coordinating Offices for Environmental Monitoring.Laboratories for the measurement of radioactive materials.Residues from deep geothermal energy.Residues from drinking-water treatment.Enhanced environmental radioactivity as a result of human influence.Natural radionuclides in building materials.Radiation exposure of mushrooms and game.Natural radionuclides in mineral waters.Radiation exposure due to natural radionuclides in drinking water.Radiation exposure via food intake.What radionuclides can be found in food?.Provisions for buildings and workplaces.What is the spatial distribution of radon in Germany?.Air monitoring at Schauinsland measuring station.Where does radioactivity occur in the environment?.Radioactivity in the environment.
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